![]() Previous studies have illustrated type 1 (proinflammatory) immune polarization driven by T helper 1 (T H1) cells, and the induced proinflammatory M1 activation of macrophages. Upon implantation of a material, cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems play a role in the host response ( 8, 9). ![]() Electrospun nanofibers can be assembled into well-ordered nanofiber meshes with different morphologies, e.g., in a parallel alignment or latticed patterns of nanofibers ( 5, 6), and have been used for the regeneration of diverse tissues such as skin and bone ( 6, 7). Electrospinning technology has been widely used in preparing scaffolds owing to its simplicity, the capacity to form fibers on a micro- and nanoscale, structural control of the electrospun membranes, and cost-effectiveness ( 4). Among the components of a cellular microenvironment, structural features (macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale features) play critical roles in guiding cell behavior ( 3). Biomaterials and devices implanted in the body have a broad spectrum of clinical applications like tissue regeneration and cell transplantation ( 1, 2). ![]()
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